Cervical cancer is a cancer that starts in the cervix, the uterus's lowest portion, linking to the vagina. It often stems from a long-term infection with specific strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), transmitted through sexual contact. Regular screenings using Pap smears and HPV tests can identify early, precancerous alterations, which makes cervical cancer among the most preventable and manageable cancers if found promptly.
Initially, cervical cancer might not present any noticeable signs. As it advances, potential symptoms involve irregular vaginal bleeding (particularly after sexual activity), pelvic discomfort, abnormal vaginal discharge, and pain during urination or intercourse. Diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy, followed by imaging scans to assess the cancer's extent.
Treatment approaches depend on the cancer's stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or combinations of these. Early-stage cervical cancer often responds well to surgery alone, whereas more advanced cases might need additional treatments. HPV vaccination, consistent screening, and safe sexual practices are crucial for prevention.
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